Global Malnutrition Composite Score for IQR

The Global Malnutrition Composite Score quality measure is now available for 2024 hospital reporting. 

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The Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative
The MQii is designed to help your organization improve
malnutrition care and subsequently achieve better outcomes.

Malnutrition Evidence Library

MQii
Malnutrition Evidence Library

The evidence library contains references and links to the most recent and relevant scientific articles reflecting the evidence that supports the malnutrition care workflow, malnutrition quality measures and the need for malnutrition quality improvement more broadly. The articles span a myriad of topics, are sorted by the topics listed above, and ordered by most recently updated. You can also find a full list of MQii-specific press and publications on the About MQii page. 

Malnutrition Screening

“36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine : Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016.” 2016. Critical Care (London, England) 20 (Suppl 2): 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.
Sriram, Krishnan, Suela Sulo, Gretchen VanDerBosch, Jamie Partridge, Josh Feldstein, Refaat A. Hegazi, and Wm Thomas Summerfelt. 2017. “A Comprehensive Nutrition-Focused Quality Improvement Program Reduces 30-Day Readmissions and Length of Stay in Hospitalized Patients.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 41 (3): 384–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607116681468.
Long, Zhiwen, Shan Huang, Jie Zhang, Deng Zhang, Jun Yin, Chengyuan He, Qinqiu Zhang, et al. 2022. “A Digital Smartphone-Based Self-Administered Tool (R+ Dietitian) for Nutritional Risk Screening and Dietary Assessment in Hospitalized Patients With Cancer: Evaluation and Diagnostic Accuracy Study.” JMIR Formative Research 6 (10): e40316. https://doi.org/10.2196/40316.
“A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Guidelines - Mueller - 2011 - Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition - Wiley Online Library.” n.d. Accessed March 15, 2021. https://aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1177/0148607110389335.
Bretschera, Céline, Fabienne Boesiger, Nina Kaegi-Braun, Lara Hersberger, Dileep N. Lobo, David C. Evans, Pascal Tribolet, et al. 2022. “Admission Serum Albumin Concentrations and Response to Nutritional Therapy in Hospitalised Patients at Malnutrition Risk: Secondary Analysis of a Randomised Clinical Trial.” EClinicalMedicine 45 (March): 101301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101301.
Amaral, T. F., A. Antunes, S. Cabral, P. Alves, and L. Kent-Smith. 2008. “An Evaluation of Three Nutritional Screening Tools in a Portuguese Oncology Centre.” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics: The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association 21 (6): 575–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00917.x.
Schiesser, Marc, Sven Müller, Philipp Kirchhoff, Stefan Breitenstein, Markus Schäfer, and Pierre-Alain Clavien. 2008. “Assessment of a Novel Screening Score for Nutritional Risk in Predicting Complications in Gastro-Intestinal Surgery.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 27 (4): 565–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.010.
Raslan, Mariana, Maria Cristina Gonzalez, Maria Carolina Gonçalves Dias, Mariana Nascimento, Melina Castro, Patrícia Marques, Sabrina Segatto, Raquel Susana Torrinhas, Ivan Cecconello, and Dan Linetzky Waitzberg. 2010. “Comparison of Nutritional Risk Screening Tools for Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients.” Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 26 (7–8): 721–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.07.010.
Ozkalkanli, Murat Y., Dila Tuna Ozkalkanli, Kaan Katircioglu, and Serdar Savaci. 2009. “Comparison of Tools for Nutrition Assessment and Screening for Predicting the Development of Complications in Orthopedic Surgery.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 24 (2): 274–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533609332087.
Kyle, Ursula G., Michel P. Kossovsky, Veronique L. Karsegard, and Claude Pichard. 2006. “Comparison of Tools for Nutritional Assessment and Screening at Hospital Admission: A Population Study.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 25 (3): 409–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.001.
Raslan, Mariana, Maria Cristina Gonzalez, Raquel Suzana M. M. Torrinhas, Graziela Rosa Ravacci, Julio C. R. Pereira, and Dan L. Waitzberg. 2011. “Complementarity of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) for Predicting Poor Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 30 (1): 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2010.07.002.
Rypkema, G., E. Adang, H. Dicke, T. Naber, B. de Swart, L. Disselhorst, G. Golüke-Willemse, and M. Olde Rikkert. 2004. “Cost-Effectiveness of an Interdisciplinary Intervention in Geriatric Inpatients to Prevent Malnutrition.” The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 8 (2): 122–27.
Tappenden, Kelly A., Beth Quatrara, Melissa L. Parkhurst, Ainsley M. Malone, Gary Fanjiang, and Thomas R. Ziegler. 2013. “Critical Role of Nutrition in Improving Quality of Care: An Interdisciplinary Call to Action to Address Adult Hospital Malnutrition.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 113 (9): 1219–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.05.015.
Corriveau, Jade, Dorsa Alavifard, and Chelsia Gillis. 2022. “Demystifying Malnutrition to Improve Nutrition Screening and Assessment in Oncology.” Seminars in Oncology Nursing 38 (5): 151336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2022.151336.
Valladares, Angel F., Sharon M. McCauley, Mujahed Khan, Catherine D’Andrea, Karl Kilgore, and Kristi Mitchell. 2021. “Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, March. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2021.02.002.
Henderson, Sarah, Nicola Moore, Emma Lee, and Miles D. Witham. 2008. “Do the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Birmingham Nutrition Risk (BNR) Score Predict Mortality in Older Hospitalised Patients?” BMC Geriatrics 8 (October): 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-8-26.
Kruizenga, Hinke M., Maurits W. Van Tulder, Jaap C. Seidell, Abel Thijs, Herman J. Ader, and Marian A. E. Van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren. 2005. “Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Early Screening and Treatment of Malnourished Patients.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (5): 1082–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.5.1082.
Silver, Heidi J., Kelsey Jones Pratt, Michelle Bruno, Joe Lynch, Kristi Mitchell, and Sharon M. McCauley. 2018. “Effectiveness of the Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative on Practitioner Malnutrition Knowledge and Screening, Diagnosis, and Timeliness of Malnutrition-Related Care Provided to Older Adults Admitted to a Tertiary Care Facility: A Pilot Study.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 118 (1): 101–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.08.111.
Vivanti, A., E. Isenring, S. Baumann, D. Powrie, M. O’Neill, D. Clark, S. Courtice, K. Campbell, and M. Ferguson. 2015. “Emergency Department Malnutrition Screening and Support Model Improves Outcomes in a Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.” Emergency Medicine Journal: EMJ 32 (3): 180–83. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2013-202965.
Guerra, Rita S., Isabel Fonseca, Ana S. Sousa, Alison Jesus, Fernando Pichel, and Teresa F. Amaral. 2017. “ESPEN Diagnostic Criteria for Malnutrition – A Validation Study in Hospitalized Patients.” Clinical Nutrition 36 (5): 1326–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.08.022.
Sorensen, Janice, Jens Kondrup, Jacek Prokopowicz, Marc Schiesser, Lukas Krähenbühl, Rémy Meier, Martin Liberda, and EuroOOPS study group. 2008. “EuroOOPS: An International, Multicentre Study to Implement Nutritional Risk Screening and Evaluate Clinical Outcome.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 27 (3): 340–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.03.012.
Burden, S. T., and E. R. Brierley. 2014. “Evaluation of Adherence to a Nutrition-Screening Programme over a 5-Year Period.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (7): 847–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.95.
Valentini, Alessia, Massimo Federici, Maria Assunta Cianfarani, Umberto Tarantino, and Aldo Bertoli. 2018. “Frailty and Nutritional Status in Older People: The Mini Nutritional Assessment as a Screening Tool for the Identification of Frail Subjects.” Clinical Interventions in Aging 13: 1237–44. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S164174.
Kaiser, Matthias J., Jürgen M. Bauer, Christiane Rämsch, Wolfgang Uter, Yves Guigoz, Tommy Cederholm, David R. Thomas, et al. 2010. “Frequency of Malnutrition in Older Adults: A Multinational Perspective Using the Mini Nutritional Assessment.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58 (9): 1734–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03016.x.
Roberts, Susan B., Rachel E. Silver, Sai Krupa Das, Roger A. Fielding, Cheryl H. Gilhooly, Paul F. Jacques, Jennifer M. Kelly, et al. 2021. “Healthy Aging-Nutrition Matters: Start Early and Screen Often.” Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), April, nmab032. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab032.
Valladares, Angel F., Karl M. Kilgore, Jamie Partridge, Suela Sulo, Kirk W. Kerr, and Sharon McCauley. 2021. “How a Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative Furthers Malnutrition Measurement and Care: Results From a Hospital Learning Collaborative.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 45 (2): 366–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1833.
Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman, and Pedro Marques-Vidal. 2016. “Impact of Nutritional Risk Screening in Hospitalized Patients on Management, Outcome and Costs: A Retrospective Study.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 35 (6): 1340–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.02.012.
Jie, Bin, Zhu-Ming Jiang, Marie T. Nolan, Shai-Nan Zhu, Kang Yu, and Jens Kondrup. 2012. “Impact of Preoperative Nutritional Support on Clinical Outcome in Abdominal Surgical Patients at Nutritional Risk.” Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 28 (10): 1022–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.017.
Levonyak, Nicholas S., Mary P. Hodges, Nicole Haaf, Timothy J. Brown, Shelli Hardy, Verca Mhoon, Radhika Kainthla, Muhammad Shaalan Beg, and Syed M. Kazmi. 2021. “Importance of Addressing Malnutrition in Cancer and Implementation of a Quality Improvement Project in a Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinic.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, August. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10753.
Fine, Liat S., Shiyun Zhu, Aida Shirazi, Jeffrey K. Lee, and Fernando S. Velayos. 2023. “Increased Risk of Hospitalization, Surgery, and Venous Thromboembolism Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Malnutrition in a Large, Community-Based Health Care System.” The American Journal of Gastroenterology 118 (8): 1395–1401. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000002241.
Lim, Su Lin, Kian Chung Benjamin Ong, Yiong Huak Chan, Wai Chiong Loke, Maree Ferguson, and Lynne Daniels. 2012. “Malnutrition and Its Impact on Cost of Hospitalization, Length of Stay, Readmission and 3-Year Mortality.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 31 (3): 345–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.001.
Goldfarb, Michael, Sandra Lauck, John G. Webb, Anita W. Asgar, Louis P. Perrault, Nicolo Piazza, Giuseppe Martucci, et al. 2018. “Malnutrition and Mortality in Frail and Non-Frail Older Adults Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement.” Circulation 138 (20): 2202–11. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033887.
Agarwal, Ekta, Maree Ferguson, Merrilyn Banks, Marijka Batterham, Judith Bauer, Sandra Capra, and Elisabeth Isenring. 2013. “Malnutrition and Poor Food Intake Are Associated with Prolonged Hospital Stay, Frequent Readmissions, and Greater in-Hospital Mortality: Results from the Nutrition Care Day Survey 2010.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 32 (5): 737–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.021.
Allard, Johane P., Heather Keller, Khursheed N. Jeejeebhoy, Manon Laporte, Don R. Duerksen, Leah Gramlich, Helene Payette, et al. 2016. “Malnutrition at Hospital Admission-Contributors and Effect on Length of Stay: A Prospective Cohort Study From the Canadian Malnutrition Task Force.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 40 (4): 487–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607114567902.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2021. “Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review.” https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/cer-249-malnutrition-hospitalized-adults.pdf.
Holyday, M., S. Daniells, M. Bare, G. A. Caplan, P. Petocz, and T. Bolin. 2012. “Malnutrition Screening and Early Nutrition Intervention in Hospitalised Patients in Acute Aged Care: A Randomised Controlled Trial.” The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 16 (6): 562–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0022-3.
Gomes-Neto, António W., Iris M. Y. van Vliet, Maryse C. J. Osté, Margriet F. C. de Jong, Stephan J. L. Bakker, Harriët Jager-Wittenaar, and Gerjan J. Navis. 2021. “Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form and Their Predictive Validity in Hospitalized Patients.” Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 45 (October): 252–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.015.
Stratton, Rebecca J., Claire L. King, Mike A. Stroud, Alan A. Jackson, and Marinos Elia. 2006. “‘Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool’ Predicts Mortality and Length of Hospital Stay in Acutely Ill Elderly.” The British Journal of Nutrition 95 (2): 325–30. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051622.
Trujillo, Elaine B., Alice C. Shapiro, Natalie Stephens, Sarah J. Johnson, Jeannine B. Mills, Alexandra R. Zimmerman, and Colleen K. Spees. 2021. “Monitoring Rates of Malnutrition Risk in Outpatient Cancer Centers Utilizing the Malnutrition Screening Tool Embedded into the Electronic Health Record.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 121 (5): 925–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.11.007.
Keller, Heather H., Renata Valaitis, Celia V. Laur, Tara McNicholl, Yingying Xu, Joel A. Dubin, Lori Curtis, et al. 2019. “Multi-Site Implementation of Nutrition Screening and Diagnosis in Medical Care Units: Success of the More-2-Eat Project.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 38 (2): 897–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.009.
Moloney, Lisa, and Brittany Jarrett. 2021. “Nutrition Assessment and Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Malnutrition in Older Adults: An Evidence Analysis Center Scoping Review.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 121 (10): 2108-2140.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.09.026.
Roberts, S., W. Chaboyer, and B. Desbrow. 2015. “Nutrition Care-Related Practices and Factors Affecting Nutritional Intakes in Hospital Patients at Risk of Pressure Ulcers.” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics: The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association 28 (4): 357–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12258.
Putwatana, Panwadee, Pinmanee Reodecha, Yupapin Sirapo-ngam, Panuwat Lertsithichai, and Kanit Sumboonnanonda. 2005. “Nutrition Screening Tools and the Prediction of Postoperative Infectious and Wound Complications: Comparison of Methods in Presence of Risk Adjustment.” Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 21 (6): 691–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.10.015.
Skipper, Annalynn, Maree Ferguson, Kyle Thompson, Victoria H. Castellanos, and Judy Porcari. 2012. “Nutrition Screening Tools: An Analysis of the Evidence.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 36 (3): 292–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607111414023.
Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N., Heather Keller, Leah Gramlich, Johane P. Allard, Manon Laporte, Donald R. Duerksen, Helene Payette, et al. 2015. “Nutritional Assessment: Comparison of Clinical Assessment and Objective Variables for the Prediction of Length of Hospital Stay and Readmission.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101 (5): 956–65. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.098665.
Rabito, Estela Iraci, Aline Marcadenti, Jaqueline da Silva Fink, Luciane Figueira, and Flávia Moraes Silva. 2017. “Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, Malnutrition Screening Tool, and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Are Good Predictors of Nutrition Risk in an Emergency Service.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 32 (4): 526–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533617692527.
Dent, Elsa, Olivia Wright, Emiel O. Hoogendijk, and Ruth E. Hubbard. 2018. “Nutritional Screening and Dietitian Consultation Rates in a Geriatric Evaluation and Management Unit.” Nutrition & Dietetics: The Journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia 75 (1): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12391.
Smith, Louise, Amanda Chapman, Kelli Flowers, Kylie Wright, Tanghua Chen, Charmaine O’Connor, Cecilia Astorga, Nevenka Francis, Gia Vigh, and Craig Wainwright. 2018. “Nutritional Screening, Assessment and Implementation Strategies for Adults in an Australian Acute Tertiary Hospital: A Best Practice Implementation Report.” JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 16 (1): 233–46. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003071.
Muscaritoli, Maurizio, Gil Bar-Sela, Nicolo Matteo Luca Battisti, Borislav Belev, Jorge Contreras-Martínez, Enrico Cortesi, Ione de Brito-Ashurst, Carla M. Prado, Paula Ravasco, and Suayib Yalcin. 2023. “Oncology-Led Early Identification of Nutritional Risk: A Pragmatic, Evidence-Based Protocol (PRONTO).” Cancers 15 (2): 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15020380.
Gahche, Jaime J., Mary B. Arensberg, Mary Weiler, and Johanna T. Dwyer. 2021. “Opportunities for Adding Undernutrition and Frailty Screening Measures in US National Surveys.” Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), May. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab056.

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Nutrition Assessment

Sriram, Krishnan, Suela Sulo, Gretchen VanDerBosch, Jamie Partridge, Josh Feldstein, Refaat A. Hegazi, and Wm Thomas Summerfelt. 2017. “A Comprehensive Nutrition-Focused Quality Improvement Program Reduces 30-Day Readmissions and Length of Stay in Hospitalized Patients.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 41 (3): 384–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607116681468.
Long, Zhiwen, Shan Huang, Jie Zhang, Deng Zhang, Jun Yin, Chengyuan He, Qinqiu Zhang, et al. 2022. “A Digital Smartphone-Based Self-Administered Tool (R+ Dietitian) for Nutritional Risk Screening and Dietary Assessment in Hospitalized Patients With Cancer: Evaluation and Diagnostic Accuracy Study.” JMIR Formative Research 6 (10): e40316. https://doi.org/10.2196/40316.
Chizmar, Lora, and Sherri Lewis. n.d. “A Questionnaire for Physical Findings of Malnutrition When Physical Exams Are Not Possible.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice n/a (n/a). Accessed August 16, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10894.
Jimenez, Elizabeth Yakes, Julie M. Long, Erin Lamers-Johnson, Lindsay Woodcock, Courtney Bliss, James Lee, J. Scott Parrott, et al. 2021. “Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Research Network: Rationale and Protocol for a Study to Validate the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Consensus-Derived Diagnostic Indicators For Adult And Pediatric Malnutrition and to Determine Optimal Registered Dietitian Nutritionist Staffing in Acute Care Hospital Settings.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, May, S2212-2672(21)00228-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2021.03.017.
Phillips, Wendy. 2015. “Accurate Documentation of Malnutrition Diagnosis Reflects Increased Healthcare Resource Utilization.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 30 (5): 604–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533615589372.
Bretschera, Céline, Fabienne Boesiger, Nina Kaegi-Braun, Lara Hersberger, Dileep N. Lobo, David C. Evans, Pascal Tribolet, et al. 2022. “Admission Serum Albumin Concentrations and Response to Nutritional Therapy in Hospitalised Patients at Malnutrition Risk: Secondary Analysis of a Randomised Clinical Trial.” EClinicalMedicine 45 (March): 101301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101301.
Amaral, T. F., A. Antunes, S. Cabral, P. Alves, and L. Kent-Smith. 2008. “An Evaluation of Three Nutritional Screening Tools in a Portuguese Oncology Centre.” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics: The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association 21 (6): 575–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00917.x.
Schiesser, Marc, Sven Müller, Philipp Kirchhoff, Stefan Breitenstein, Markus Schäfer, and Pierre-Alain Clavien. 2008. “Assessment of a Novel Screening Score for Nutritional Risk in Predicting Complications in Gastro-Intestinal Surgery.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 27 (4): 565–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.010.
Lew, Charles Chin Han, Rosalie Yandell, Robert J. L. Fraser, Ai Ping Chua, Mary Foong Fong Chong, and Michelle Miller. 2017. “Association Between Malnutrition and Clinical Outcomes in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review [Formula: See Text].” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 41 (5): 744–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607115625638.
Smith, Luke O., Joanne F. Olieman, Kirsten A. Berk, Gerdien C. Ligthart-Melis, and Carrie P. Earthman. 2023. “Clinical Applications of Body Composition and Functional Status Tools for Nutrition Assessment of Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 47 (1): 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2444.
Dowhan, Lindsay, Lisa Moccia, Erick M. Remer, Ruishen Lyu, Lei Kou, and Ezra Steiger. 2022. “Comparison of Pre-Intestinal Transplant and Posttransplant Sarcopenia and Visceral Adiposity Measurements Using Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Malnutrition during a Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, April. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2383.
Ozkalkanli, Murat Y., Dila Tuna Ozkalkanli, Kaan Katircioglu, and Serdar Savaci. 2009. “Comparison of Tools for Nutrition Assessment and Screening for Predicting the Development of Complications in Orthopedic Surgery.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 24 (2): 274–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533609332087.
Kyle, Ursula G., Michel P. Kossovsky, Veronique L. Karsegard, and Claude Pichard. 2006. “Comparison of Tools for Nutritional Assessment and Screening at Hospital Admission: A Population Study.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 25 (3): 409–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.001.
Raslan, Mariana, Maria Cristina Gonzalez, Raquel Suzana M. M. Torrinhas, Graziela Rosa Ravacci, Julio C. R. Pereira, and Dan L. Waitzberg. 2011. “Complementarity of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) for Predicting Poor Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 30 (1): 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2010.07.002.
Zechariah, Sunitha, Jennifer L. Waller, Gianluca De Leo, Judith Stallings, Ashley J. Gess, and Leigh Lehman. 2021. “Content and Face Validation of a Novel, Interactive Nutrition Specific Physical Exam Competency Tool (INSPECT) to Evaluate Registered Dietitians’ Competence: A Delphi Consensus from the United States.” Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 9 (9): 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091225.
Guenter, Peggi, Allison Blackmer, Ainsley Malone, Wendy Phillips, Kris M. Mogensen, and Patricia Becker. 2023. “Current Nutrition Assessment Practice: A 2022 Survey.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, April. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10998.
St-Jules, David E., Lyn Lloyd, Anthony Meade, Annabel Biruete, Brandon Kistler, and Juan-Jesus Carrero. 2023. “Deconstructing Disease-Related Malnutrition: A New Assessment Framework for Clinical Practice.” Journal of Renal Nutrition: The Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, April, S1051-2276(23)00062-6. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2023.04.002.
Corriveau, Jade, Dorsa Alavifard, and Chelsia Gillis. 2022. “Demystifying Malnutrition to Improve Nutrition Screening and Assessment in Oncology.” Seminars in Oncology Nursing 38 (5): 151336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2022.151336.
Valladares, Angel F., Sharon M. McCauley, Mujahed Khan, Catherine D’Andrea, Karl Kilgore, and Kristi Mitchell. 2021. “Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, March. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2021.02.002.
Henderson, Sarah, Nicola Moore, Emma Lee, and Miles D. Witham. 2008. “Do the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Birmingham Nutrition Risk (BNR) Score Predict Mortality in Older Hospitalised Patients?” BMC Geriatrics 8 (October): 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-8-26.
Kruizenga, Hinke M., Maurits W. Van Tulder, Jaap C. Seidell, Abel Thijs, Herman J. Ader, and Marian A. E. Van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren. 2005. “Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Early Screening and Treatment of Malnourished Patients.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (5): 1082–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.5.1082.
Nepple, Kenneth G., Conrad M. Tobert, Angel F. Valladares, Kristi Mitchell, and Martin Yadrick. 2019. “Enhancing Identification and Management of Hospitalized Patients Who Are Malnourished: A Pilot Evaluation of Electronic Quality Improvement Measures.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119 (9 Suppl 2): S32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.023.
Sorensen, Janice, Jens Kondrup, Jacek Prokopowicz, Marc Schiesser, Lukas Krähenbühl, Rémy Meier, Martin Liberda, and EuroOOPS study group. 2008. “EuroOOPS: An International, Multicentre Study to Implement Nutritional Risk Screening and Evaluate Clinical Outcome.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 27 (3): 340–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.03.012.
Burden, S. T., and E. R. Brierley. 2014. “Evaluation of Adherence to a Nutrition-Screening Programme over a 5-Year Period.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (7): 847–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.95.
Valentini, Alessia, Massimo Federici, Maria Assunta Cianfarani, Umberto Tarantino, and Aldo Bertoli. 2018. “Frailty and Nutritional Status in Older People: The Mini Nutritional Assessment as a Screening Tool for the Identification of Frail Subjects.” Clinical Interventions in Aging 13: 1237–44. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S164174.
Kaiser, Matthias J., Jürgen M. Bauer, Christiane Rämsch, Wolfgang Uter, Yves Guigoz, Tommy Cederholm, David R. Thomas, et al. 2010. “Frequency of Malnutrition in Older Adults: A Multinational Perspective Using the Mini Nutritional Assessment.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58 (9): 1734–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03016.x.
Valladares, Angel F., Karl M. Kilgore, Jamie Partridge, Suela Sulo, Kirk W. Kerr, and Sharon McCauley. 2021. “How a Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative Furthers Malnutrition Measurement and Care: Results From a Hospital Learning Collaborative.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 45 (2): 366–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1833.
Danis, Kelly, Melissa Kline, Michelle Munson, Jean Nickleach, Heather Hardik, Angel F. Valladares, and Alison Steiber. 2019. “Identifying and Managing Malnourished Hospitalized Patients Utilizing the Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative: The UPMC Experience.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119 (9 Suppl 2): S40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.020.
Anghel, Sharen, Kirk W. Kerr, Angel F. Valladares, Karl M. Kilgore, and Suela Sulo. 2021. “Identifying Patients with Malnutrition and Improving Use of Nutrition Interventions: A Quality Study in Four US Hospitals.” Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 91–92 (May): 111360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111360.
Pratt, Kelsey Jones, Beverly Hernandez, Robert Blancato, Jeanne Blankenship, and Kristi Mitchell. 2020. “Impact of an Interdisciplinary Malnutrition Quality Improvement Project at a Large Metropolitan Hospital.” BMJ Open Quality 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000735.
Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman, and Pedro Marques-Vidal. 2016. “Impact of Nutritional Risk Screening in Hospitalized Patients on Management, Outcome and Costs: A Retrospective Study.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 35 (6): 1340–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.02.012.
Fitall, Eleanor, Kelsey Jones Pratt, Sharon M. McCauley, Giedre Astrauskas, Tracey Heck, Beverly Hernandez, Jill Johnston, Heidi J. Silver, and Kristi Mitchell. 2019. “Improving Malnutrition in Hospitalized Older Adults: The Development, Optimization, and Use of a Supportive Toolkit.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119 (9 Suppl 2): S25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.024.
Sandhu, Rebekah, and Tao-En Henry Lee. 2023. “Incorporating Handgrip Strength Examination into Dietetic Practice: A Quality Improvement Project.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, February. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10972.
Ha, Lisa, Truls Hauge, Anne Bente Spenning, and Per Ole Iversen. 2010. “Individual, Nutritional Support Prevents Undernutrition, Increases Muscle Strength and Improves QoL among Elderly at Nutritional Risk Hospitalized for Acute Stroke: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 29 (5): 567–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2010.01.011.
Pourhassan, Maryam, Tommy Cederholm, Ulrike Trampisch, Dorothee Volkert, and Rainer Wirth. 2021. “Inflammation as a Diagnostic Criterion in the GLIM Definition of Malnutrition-What CRP-Threshold Relates to Reduced Food Intake in Older Patients with Acute Disease?” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, July. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-021-00977-4.
Malone, Ainsley, and Kris M. Mogensen. 2021. “Key Approaches to Diagnosing Malnutrition in Adults.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, December. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10810.
Sharma, Yogesh, Michelle Miller, Billingsley Kaambwa, Rashmi Shahi, Paul Hakendorf, Chris Horwood, and Campbell Thompson. 2017. “Malnutrition and Its Association with Readmission and Death within 7 Days and 8-180 Days Postdischarge in Older Patients: A Prospective Observational Study.” BMJ Open 7 (11): e018443. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018443.
Allard, Johane P., Heather Keller, Khursheed N. Jeejeebhoy, Manon Laporte, Don R. Duerksen, Leah Gramlich, Helene Payette, et al. 2016. “Malnutrition at Hospital Admission-Contributors and Effect on Length of Stay: A Prospective Cohort Study From the Canadian Malnutrition Task Force.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 40 (4): 487–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607114567902.
Corkins, Mark R., Peggi Guenter, Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili, Gordon L. Jensen, Ainsley Malone, Sarah Miller, Vihas Patel, Steve Plogsted, Helaine E. Resnick, and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2014. “Malnutrition Diagnoses in Hospitalized Patients: United States, 2010.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 38 (2): 186–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607113512154.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2021. “Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review.” https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/cer-249-malnutrition-hospitalized-adults.pdf.
Holyday, M., S. Daniells, M. Bare, G. A. Caplan, P. Petocz, and T. Bolin. 2012. “Malnutrition Screening and Early Nutrition Intervention in Hospitalised Patients in Acute Aged Care: A Randomised Controlled Trial.” The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 16 (6): 562–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0022-3.
Keller, Heather H., Renata Valaitis, Celia V. Laur, Tara McNicholl, Yingying Xu, Joel A. Dubin, Lori Curtis, et al. 2019. “Multi-Site Implementation of Nutrition Screening and Diagnosis in Medical Care Units: Success of the More-2-Eat Project.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 38 (2): 897–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.009.
Prado, Carla M., Katherine L. Ford, M. Cristina Gonzalez, Lisa C. Murnane, Chelsia Gillis, Paul E. Wischmeyer, Chet A. Morrison, and Dileep N. Lobo. 2022. “Nascent to Novel Methods to Evaluate Malnutrition and Frailty in the Surgical Patient.” Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition n/a (n/a). https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2420.
Sungurtekin, Hulya, Ugur Sungurtekin, Ozlem Oner, and Demet Okke. 2008. “Nutrition Assessment in Critically Ill Patients.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 23 (6): 635–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533608326137.
Roberts, S., W. Chaboyer, and B. Desbrow. 2015. “Nutrition Care-Related Practices and Factors Affecting Nutritional Intakes in Hospital Patients at Risk of Pressure Ulcers.” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics: The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association 28 (4): 357–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12258.
Putwatana, Panwadee, Pinmanee Reodecha, Yupapin Sirapo-ngam, Panuwat Lertsithichai, and Kanit Sumboonnanonda. 2005. “Nutrition Screening Tools and the Prediction of Postoperative Infectious and Wound Complications: Comparison of Methods in Presence of Risk Adjustment.” Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 21 (6): 691–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.10.015.
Skipper, Annalynn, Maree Ferguson, Kyle Thompson, Victoria H. Castellanos, and Judy Porcari. 2012. “Nutrition Screening Tools: An Analysis of the Evidence.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 36 (3): 292–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607111414023.
Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N., Heather Keller, Leah Gramlich, Johane P. Allard, Manon Laporte, Donald R. Duerksen, Helene Payette, et al. 2015. “Nutritional Assessment: Comparison of Clinical Assessment and Objective Variables for the Prediction of Length of Hospital Stay and Readmission.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101 (5): 956–65. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.098665.
Rabito, Estela Iraci, Aline Marcadenti, Jaqueline da Silva Fink, Luciane Figueira, and Flávia Moraes Silva. 2017. “Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, Malnutrition Screening Tool, and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Are Good Predictors of Nutrition Risk in an Emergency Service.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 32 (4): 526–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533617692527.
Dent, Elsa, Olivia Wright, Emiel O. Hoogendijk, and Ruth E. Hubbard. 2018. “Nutritional Screening and Dietitian Consultation Rates in a Geriatric Evaluation and Management Unit.” Nutrition & Dietetics: The Journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia 75 (1): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12391.

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Malnutrition Diagnosis

Phillips, Wendy. 2015. “Accurate Documentation of Malnutrition Diagnosis Reflects Increased Healthcare Resource Utilization.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 30 (5): 604–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533615589372.
El Chaar, Dayana, Lama Mattar, and Cosette Fakih El Khoury. 2022. “AND/ASPEN and the GLIM Malnutrition Diagnostic Criteria Have a High Degree of Criterion Validity and Reliability for the Identification of Malnutrition in a Hospital Setting: A Single-Center Prospective Study.” Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 46 (5): 1061–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2347.
Valladares, Angel F., Sharon M. McCauley, Mujahed Khan, Catherine D’Andrea, Karl Kilgore, and Kristi Mitchell. 2021. “Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, March. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2021.02.002.
Nepple, Kenneth G., Conrad M. Tobert, Angel F. Valladares, Kristi Mitchell, and Martin Yadrick. 2019. “Enhancing Identification and Management of Hospitalized Patients Who Are Malnourished: A Pilot Evaluation of Electronic Quality Improvement Measures.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119 (9 Suppl 2): S32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.023.
Barazzoni, Rocco, Gordon L. Jensen, Maria Isabel T. D. Correia, Maria Cristina Gonzalez, Takashi Higashiguchi, Han Ping Shi, Stephan C. Bischoff, et al. 2022. “Guidance for Assessment of the Muscle Mass Phenotypic Criterion for the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) Diagnosis of Malnutrition.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 41 (6): 1425–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.001.
Valladares, Angel F., Karl M. Kilgore, Jamie Partridge, Suela Sulo, Kirk W. Kerr, and Sharon McCauley. 2021. “How a Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative Furthers Malnutrition Measurement and Care: Results From a Hospital Learning Collaborative.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 45 (2): 366–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1833.
Danis, Kelly, Melissa Kline, Michelle Munson, Jean Nickleach, Heather Hardik, Angel F. Valladares, and Alison Steiber. 2019. “Identifying and Managing Malnourished Hospitalized Patients Utilizing the Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative: The UPMC Experience.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119 (9 Suppl 2): S40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.020.
Anghel, Sharen, Kirk W. Kerr, Angel F. Valladares, Karl M. Kilgore, and Suela Sulo. 2021. “Identifying Patients with Malnutrition and Improving Use of Nutrition Interventions: A Quality Study in Four US Hospitals.” Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 91–92 (May): 111360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111360.
Wills‐Gallagher, Jennifer, Kirk W. Kerr, Beth Macintosh, Angel F. Valladares, Karl M. Kilgore, and Suela Sulo. 2021. “Implementation of Malnutrition Quality Improvement Reveals Opportunities for Better Nutrition Care Delivery for Hospitalized Patients.” Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, March, jpen.2086. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2086.
Sulo, S., C. Brunton, S. Drawert, G. Watson, R. Hegazi, and M. Bastasch. 2022. “Increased Emergency Department Utilization and Costs for Medicare Cancer Patients with Malnutrition Diagnoses.” The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 26 (8): 786–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-022-1826-4.
Guenter, Peggi, Ruba Abdelhadi, Pat Anthony, Allison Blackmer, Ainsley Malone, Jay M. Mirtallo, Wendy Phillips, and Helaine E. Resnick. 2021. “Malnutrition Diagnoses and Associated Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients: United States, 2018.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 36 (5): 957–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10771.
Corkins, Mark R., Peggi Guenter, Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili, Gordon L. Jensen, Ainsley Malone, Sarah Miller, Vihas Patel, Steve Plogsted, Helaine E. Resnick, and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2014. “Malnutrition Diagnoses in Hospitalized Patients: United States, 2010.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 38 (2): 186–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607113512154.
Quartarolo, Jennifer, Analyn Dolopo, and Byron Richard. 2021. “Multidisciplinary Effort to Improve the Diagnosis of Malnutrition in Inpatients.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, April. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10644.
Gattermann Pereira, Thainá, Júlia Lima, and Flávia Moraes Silva. 2022. “Undernutrition Is Associated with Mortality, Exacerbation, and Poorer Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 46 (5): 977–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2350.
Guenter, Peggi, Allison Blackmer, Ainsley Malone, Jay M. Mirtallo, Wendy Phillips, Renay Tyler, Albert Barrocas, Helaine E. Resnick, Pat Anthony, and Ruba Abdelhadi. 2022. “Update on Use of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in Hospitalized Patients with a Diagnosis of Malnutrition in the United States.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, January. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10827.
Correia, Maria Isabel T. D., Kelly A. Tappenden, Ainsley Malone, Carla M. Prado, David C. Evans, Abby C. Sauer, Refaat Hegazi, and Leah Gramlich. 2022. “Utilization and Validation of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM): A Scoping Review.” Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 41 (3): 687–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.018.

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Nutrition Care Plan & Intervention

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Quality Improvement

Sriram, Krishnan, Suela Sulo, Gretchen VanDerBosch, Jamie Partridge, Josh Feldstein, Refaat A. Hegazi, and Wm Thomas Summerfelt. 2017. “A Comprehensive Nutrition-Focused Quality Improvement Program Reduces 30-Day Readmissions and Length of Stay in Hospitalized Patients.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 41 (3): 384–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607116681468.
Valladares, Angel F., Sharon M. McCauley, Mujahed Khan, Catherine D’Andrea, Karl Kilgore, and Kristi Mitchell. 2021. “Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, March. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2021.02.002.
Silver, Heidi J., Kelsey Jones Pratt, Michelle Bruno, Joe Lynch, Kristi Mitchell, and Sharon M. McCauley. 2018. “Effectiveness of the Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative on Practitioner Malnutrition Knowledge and Screening, Diagnosis, and Timeliness of Malnutrition-Related Care Provided to Older Adults Admitted to a Tertiary Care Facility: A Pilot Study.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 118 (1): 101–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.08.111.
Nepple, Kenneth G., Conrad M. Tobert, Angel F. Valladares, Kristi Mitchell, and Martin Yadrick. 2019. “Enhancing Identification and Management of Hospitalized Patients Who Are Malnourished: A Pilot Evaluation of Electronic Quality Improvement Measures.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119 (9 Suppl 2): S32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.023.
Meehan, Anita, Claire Loose, Jvawnna Bell, Jamie Partridge, Jeffrey Nelson, and Scott Goates. 2016. “Health System Quality Improvement: Impact of Prompt Nutrition Care on Patient Outcomes and Health Care Costs.” Journal of Nursing Care Quality 31 (3): 217–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000177.
Valladares, Angel F., Karl M. Kilgore, Jamie Partridge, Suela Sulo, Kirk W. Kerr, and Sharon McCauley. 2021. “How a Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative Furthers Malnutrition Measurement and Care: Results From a Hospital Learning Collaborative.” JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 45 (2): 366–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1833.
Danis, Kelly, Melissa Kline, Michelle Munson, Jean Nickleach, Heather Hardik, Angel F. Valladares, and Alison Steiber. 2019. “Identifying and Managing Malnourished Hospitalized Patients Utilizing the Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative: The UPMC Experience.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119 (9 Suppl 2): S40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.020.
Pratt, Kelsey Jones, Beverly Hernandez, Robert Blancato, Jeanne Blankenship, and Kristi Mitchell. 2020. “Impact of an Interdisciplinary Malnutrition Quality Improvement Project at a Large Metropolitan Hospital.” BMJ Open Quality 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000735.
Wills‐Gallagher, Jennifer, Kirk W. Kerr, Beth Macintosh, Angel F. Valladares, Karl M. Kilgore, and Suela Sulo. 2021. “Implementation of Malnutrition Quality Improvement Reveals Opportunities for Better Nutrition Care Delivery for Hospitalized Patients.” Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, March, jpen.2086. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2086.
Levonyak, Nicholas S., Mary P. Hodges, Nicole Haaf, Timothy J. Brown, Shelli Hardy, Verca Mhoon, Radhika Kainthla, Muhammad Shaalan Beg, and Syed M. Kazmi. 2021. “Importance of Addressing Malnutrition in Cancer and Implementation of a Quality Improvement Project in a Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinic.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, August. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10753.
Fitall, Eleanor, Kelsey Jones Pratt, Sharon M. McCauley, Giedre Astrauskas, Tracey Heck, Beverly Hernandez, Jill Johnston, Heidi J. Silver, and Kristi Mitchell. 2019. “Improving Malnutrition in Hospitalized Older Adults: The Development, Optimization, and Use of a Supportive Toolkit.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119 (9 Suppl 2): S25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.024.
Sandhu, Rebekah, and Tao-En Henry Lee. 2023. “Incorporating Handgrip Strength Examination into Dietetic Practice: A Quality Improvement Project.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, February. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10972.
Quartarolo, Jennifer, Analyn Dolopo, and Byron Richard. 2021. “Multidisciplinary Effort to Improve the Diagnosis of Malnutrition in Inpatients.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, April. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10644.
Lewis, Sherri L., Leslie S. Miranda, Julie Kurtz, Linda M. Larison, W. James Brewer, and Constantina Papoutsakis. 2021. “Nutrition Care Process Quality Evaluation and Standardization Tool: The Next Frontier in Quality Evaluation of Documentation.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, August, S2212-2672(21)00830-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2021.07.004.
Phillips, Wendy, and Maureen Janowski. 2022. “Standardizing Malnutrition Benchmarking Programs to Support Effective Quality Improvement Efforts.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 122 (11): 2001–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2022.08.115.

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MQii Learning Collaborative Resources
MQii Learning Collaborative Resources
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The 2024 Learning Collaborative brings together healthcare stakeholders across the U.S. to support acceleration and dissemination of malnutrition best practices for patients. Learn more.

Quick Start Guide
Quick Start Guide

Reporting on the GMCS measure is a 2-step process. Learn more.

Malnutrition Care Process
Malnutrition Care Process

Resources mapped to the key steps of the nutrition care process and malnutrition care workflow. Learn more.

Measurement & Data
Measurement & Data
Tools and specifications for the various malnutrition quality measures available for reporting and quality improvement. Learn more.
MQii Toolkit
MQii Toolkit
The Complete MQii Toolkit is a comprehensive guide for malnutrition quality improvement, including several embedded templates, diagrams, and resources. Learn more.
MQii Resource Repository
MQii Resource Repository
A general directory of MQii resources for implementers across the main phases of initiative implementation. Learn more.
Food Insecurity Resources
Food Insecurity Resources
Resources to support you and your colleagues in integrating food insecurity screening and interventions into your nutrition care process. Learn more.
COVID-19 MQii Resources
COVID-19 MQii Resources

Resources to support you and your colleagues in caring for patients experiencing or at risk for malnutrition throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Learn more.

The Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative

These materials were developed by the Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative (MQii),
a project of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Avalere, and other stakeholders who
provided guidance and expertise through a collaborative partnership. Support provided by Abbott.

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